ПОЛУЧЕНИЕ НОВЫХ ЗНАНИЙ И ОБУЧЕНИЕ В СФЕРЕ УСТОЙЧИВЫХ ЛЕСНЫХ ЛАНДШАФТОВ: ЗАПАД И ВОСТОК ЕВРОПЫ КАК ЛАБОРАТОРИЯ
Ключевые слова:
биоразнообразие, биоэкономика, сотрудничество, экосистемные услуги, экологические изменения, анализ разрывов, госуправление, зеленая инфраструктура, моделирование среды обитания, интенсификация, ландшафтный подход, планирование, определение круга заинтересованных сторон, трансдисциплинарностьАннотация
В целях поддержания благоприятной для человека среды зеленая (экологическая) инфраструктура должна обеспечивать функционирование наземных и водных экосистем для экологически безопасного и рассчитанного на длительную перспективу получения от них разнообразных полезностей (экосистемных услуг). Сложность взаимодействия социальных и экологических систем в пространственных масштабах и на разных уровнях управления требует понимания. Ключевым фактором в достижении этой цели является получение новых знаний и обучение на местах за счет объединения различных исследовательских дисциплин при сотрудничестве всех заинтересованных сторон (т. е. проведение междисциплинарных исследований). Используя ландшафтные зоны регионов на западе и востоке Европы в качестве лаборатории, мы разработали и применили пошаговый подход к получению новых знаний и поддержке обучения в отношении функционирования зеленой инфраструктуры. Наш анализ лесных ландшафтов показывает, что обеспечение заготовки древесины и сохранение биологического разнообразия плохо совместимы с точки зрения лесоустройства. На западе Европы существует потребность в увеличении количества охраняемых территорий, диверсификации методов управления и восстановлении ландшафтов. На северо-востоке России есть возможности для интенсификации лесопользования и применения сберегающего земледелия, которое предусматривает районирование, позволяющее сократить потери биологического разнообразия. Примеры диагностики социальных систем включали оценку комплексного планирования в Швеции, результаты сохранения биоразнообразия в рамках лесной сертификации в Литве и обучение инженерами по охране окружающей среды. Основной проблемой в обеспечении функционирования зеленой инфраструктуры является слабое межотраслевое взаимодействие. Взаимодействие с социально-экологическими системами требует внедрения наукоемкого сотрудничества и обучения. Разнообразие ландшафтных изменений и практика управления на западе и востоке Европы, включая Россию, открывают широкие возможности как для получения знаний о целевых показателях функционирования зеленой инфраструктуры, так и для обучения в целях адаптации управления к региональным условиям. Интегрированное финансирование проектов, предполагающее сотрудничество ученых и групп заинтересованных лиц, необходимо для проведения успешных междисциплинарных исследований. Тем не менее, формальные и неформальные дисциплинарные и административные барьеры могут ограничивать их коллективную работу, несмотря на проведенный анализ и опыт исследования.
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